OTOMATISASI PERKANTORAN DAN APLIKASI PERKANTORAN
Otomatisasi adalah penggunaan mesin untuk menjalankan tugas fisik yang biasa dilakukan oleh manusia. Otomatisasi kantor ( office automation atau oa ) adalah semua sistem elektronik formal dan informal terutama yang berkaitan dengan komunikasi informasi kepada dan dari orang yang berada didalam maupun diluar perusahaan.
● Sistem Elektronik Formal dan Informal. Beberapa sistem OA direncanakan secara formal, dan mungkin didokumentasikan dg suatu prosedur tertulis, mirip SIM. Namun, sebagian besar sistem OA tidak direncanakan atau diuraikan secara tertulis, mirip DSS.
● Komunikasi Informasi. Kata kunci yang membedakan OA dengan subsistem CBIS lain adalah komunikasi. OA dimaksudkan untuk memudahkan segala jenis komunikasi, baik lisan maupun tertulis.
● Orang-orang di Dalam dan di Luar Perusahaan. Sistem OA masa kini memudahkan komunikasi tidak hanya di antara orang-orang di dalam perusahaan, tetapi juga dengan orang lain di lingkungan perusahaan
PENGGUNA OTOMATISASI KANTOR
Otomatisasi kantor ( oa ) digunakan oleh semua orang yang bekerja didalam kantor. Pada dasarnya ada empat kategori pemakai oa, yaitu :
1. Manajer
2. Profesional
3. Sekretaris
4. Clerical employee ( klerk )
Istilah
“knowledge worker” diterapkan pada manajer dan profesional, yaitu orang yang memberikan sumbangan pengetahuannya terhadap aktivitas perusahaan.
○ Manajer adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab mengelola sumber daya perusahaan, terutama SDM.
○ Profesional tidak mengelola orang, tetapi menyumbangkan keahlian khususnya (mis. Pembeli, wiraniaga, dan asisten staff khusus). Manajer dan profesional secara bersama dikenal sebagai pekerja terdidik.
○ Sekretaris bisanya ditugaskan pada pekerja terdidik tertentu untuk melaksanakan berbagai tugas seperti menangani korespondensi, menjawab telepon, dan mengatur jadwal pertemuan.
○ Pegawai administratif melaksanakan tugas-tugas untuk sekretaris, seperti emngoperasikan mesin fotocopy, menyusun dokumen, menyimpan dokumen dan mengirimkan surat.
● Karena OA tidak memiliki mengelola data, penggunaan
database dibatasi pada isi informasi. Informasi
dikumpulkan dari sistem fisik perusahaan (SIA
menggumpulkan datanya). Informasi juga disediakan
oleh lingkungan.
● Informasi berfungsi sebagai input bagi aplikasi OA
berbasis komputer seperti pengolah kata, e-mail, dan
konferensi komputer.
● Pemecah masalah lain berada ditengah-tengah garis yg
memisahkan perusahaan dengan lingkungan. Ini berarti
bahwa orang-orang itu mungkin berada di kedua area
tersebut.
● Model tsb. Juga mencerminkan penggunaan aplikasi OA
berbasis non-komputer seerti konferensi video dan
audio.
TUJUAN OTOMATISASI KANTOR
Otomatisasi kantor bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Bila diterapkan sebagai alat pemecah masalah, otomatisasi kantor dapat memberikan kemampuan antar manajer untuk saling melakukan komunikasi dengan lebih baik selagi mereka memecahkan masalah. Peningkatan komunikasi ini dapat menghasilkan keputusan yang lebih baik dan lebih cepat.
Tujuan OA Masa Kini
1. Pendapatan yang Lebih Tinggi versus Penghindaran Biaya. Komputer tidak menggantikan pekerja saat ini, tetapi komputer menunda penambahan pegawai yang diperlukan untuk menangani beban kerja yang bertambah.
2. Pemecahan masalah Kelompok. Cara OA berkontribusi pada komunikasi ke dan dari manajer membuatnya sangat cocok diterapkan untuk memecahkan masalah kelompok.
3. Pelengkap – Bukan Pengganti. Sebagai suatu cara komunikasi bisnis, OA bukan tanpa keterbatasan. OA tidak akan menggantikan semua komunikasi interpersonal tradisional – percakapan tatap muka, percakapan telepon, pesan tertulis pada memo, dan sejenisnya. OA harus bertujuan melengkapi komunikasi tradisional.
Jenis-jenis Aplikasi Otomatisasi Kantor
Ada 11 aplikasi otomatisasi kantor yang telah diketahui, yaitu :
1. WORD PROCESSING
2. ELECTRONIK MAIL
3. VOICE MAIL
4. ELECTRONIC CALENDARING
5. AUDIO CONFERENCING
6. VIDEO CONFERENCING
7. COMPUTER CONFERENCING
8. FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
9. VIDEOTEXT
10. IMAGE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
This is the html version of the file http://lily.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/9100/Slide_OA_Lily.pdf.
Sabtu, 06 Maret 2010
Senin, 16 November 2009
MANAGEMENT MARKETING ACCOUNTING
MANAGEMENT MARKETING ACCOUNTING
• General manager * Researcher * Bookkeeper
• Personnel manager * Advertiser * Private accounting
• Production manager * seller *Government accounting
• distributor
FINANCE COMPUTER & DATA PROCESSING
* Banker * Computer operator
* financial analyst * Computer programmer
*Stockbroker * System analyst
Macth With The Term Above
An employ who was the most responsible in an organization
A specialist in analyzing the system for the computer
The chief of the department whose job to get the products to the costumers
A specialist in writing and keeping financial information
In between businessman in the stock exchange
one who owns the bank
An employee whose job is to operate the machine
The head of the department whose function is to negotiate with the employees
An employee whose job is to carry out a study.
A special in interpreting financial data who receives fee.
Specialist analyzing financial data.
The chief of manufacturing department of a company.
The chief of manufacturing department of company
A person whose job is to carry out sale promotion.
An accountant who works with a private company.
Specialist in fields of writing the software for the computer.
Specialist in the fields of accounting who works with government bureau.
Answer :
1. System analyst
2. general manager
3. Distributor
4. bookkeeper
5. stockbroker
6. Banker
7. Computer operator
8. Personnel manager
9. Researcher
10. Public accountant
11. Financial analyst
12. Production manager
13. Buyer
14. Advertiser
15. Private accountant
16. Computer programmer
17. Government accountant
1. Marketing means : The movement of goods & service from manufactures to costumers & to achives the companies objectives.
2. Marketing includes : buying, selling, market resource, transportation storage & advertising.
3. The four P’s are : products, price, placement, promotion they are the four P’s marketing.
4. Product refers to : the goods / services that the company want to sale.
5. Product element includes : refers & development of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality & the introducing to the market.
6. price is : the mount of money to change for its product. There are three pricing option : above, below, & with the market.
The price is above the market if company change for it’s product above the average price. It is below the market if it changes less than the average price. It is with the market if it charges the same with the average price.
Price leader are producers who establish the average price.
Placement involves getting the product to the costumers. A common chanel of distribution is : Manufacture – wholesaler – retailer –costumers.
Promotion is communication about the product that takes place between buyer & sellers.
There are two major ways promotion occurs : through personal selling, as in a department store ; & through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine.
The four main elements of making ( product, price, placement, promotion ) work together to develop successful marketing operation that satisfies costumers & achives the company’s objectives.
• General manager * Researcher * Bookkeeper
• Personnel manager * Advertiser * Private accounting
• Production manager * seller *Government accounting
• distributor
FINANCE COMPUTER & DATA PROCESSING
* Banker * Computer operator
* financial analyst * Computer programmer
*Stockbroker * System analyst
Macth With The Term Above
An employ who was the most responsible in an organization
A specialist in analyzing the system for the computer
The chief of the department whose job to get the products to the costumers
A specialist in writing and keeping financial information
In between businessman in the stock exchange
one who owns the bank
An employee whose job is to operate the machine
The head of the department whose function is to negotiate with the employees
An employee whose job is to carry out a study.
A special in interpreting financial data who receives fee.
Specialist analyzing financial data.
The chief of manufacturing department of a company.
The chief of manufacturing department of company
A person whose job is to carry out sale promotion.
An accountant who works with a private company.
Specialist in fields of writing the software for the computer.
Specialist in the fields of accounting who works with government bureau.
Answer :
1. System analyst
2. general manager
3. Distributor
4. bookkeeper
5. stockbroker
6. Banker
7. Computer operator
8. Personnel manager
9. Researcher
10. Public accountant
11. Financial analyst
12. Production manager
13. Buyer
14. Advertiser
15. Private accountant
16. Computer programmer
17. Government accountant
1. Marketing means : The movement of goods & service from manufactures to costumers & to achives the companies objectives.
2. Marketing includes : buying, selling, market resource, transportation storage & advertising.
3. The four P’s are : products, price, placement, promotion they are the four P’s marketing.
4. Product refers to : the goods / services that the company want to sale.
5. Product element includes : refers & development of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality & the introducing to the market.
6. price is : the mount of money to change for its product. There are three pricing option : above, below, & with the market.
The price is above the market if company change for it’s product above the average price. It is below the market if it changes less than the average price. It is with the market if it charges the same with the average price.
Price leader are producers who establish the average price.
Placement involves getting the product to the costumers. A common chanel of distribution is : Manufacture – wholesaler – retailer –costumers.
Promotion is communication about the product that takes place between buyer & sellers.
There are two major ways promotion occurs : through personal selling, as in a department store ; & through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine.
The four main elements of making ( product, price, placement, promotion ) work together to develop successful marketing operation that satisfies costumers & achives the company’s objectives.
Marketing means
MARKETING MEANS
1. Marketing means : The movement of goods & service from manufactures to costumers & to achives the companies objectives.2. Marketing includes : buying, selling, market resource, transportation storage & advertising.
3. The four P’s are : products, price, placement, promotion they are the four P’s marketing.
4. Product refers to : the goods / services that the company want to sale.
5. Product element includes : refers & development of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality & the introducing to the market.
6. price is : the mount of money to change for its product. There are three pricing option : above, below, & with the market.
The price is above the market if company change for it’s product above the average price. It is below the market if it changes less than the average price. It is with the market if it charges the same with the average price.
Price leader are producers who establish the average price.
Placement involves getting the product to the costumers. A common chanel of distribution is : Manufacture – wholesaler – retailer –costumers.
Promotion is communication about the product that takes place between buyer & sellers.
There are two major ways promotion occurs : through personal selling, as in a department store ; & through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine.
The four main elements of making ( product, price, placement, promotion ) work together to develop successful marketing operation that satisfies costumers & achives the company’s objectives.
PASSIVE QUESTION
PASSIVE QUESTION
( to be + past participle )
Yes / No initialized with auxiliaries : do / does, did ; am, is, are, was, were ; have / has, can,could ; may, might, shall, should ; must, ought,,,to.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
*Can he operate the machine ? *Can the machine be operated (by him)?
*Are you writing the program ? *Is the program being written (by you)?
*Did he wait for me ? *Was I waited (by him)?
*May I borrow your car ? *May your car be borrowed (by me)?
*Must I listen to him ? *Must he be listened (by me)?
Informative initialized with question words : who, whom, whose, where, when, what, which, why, how .
ACTIVE PASSIVE
*Who writes the letter? *By whom is the letter witten?
*Whom are you waiting for? *Who is being waited for (by you)?
*whose sister writes it? *By whose sister it is written?
*Where did you see him? *Where was he seen (by you)?
*when will you buy a car? *When will a car be bougth (by you)?
Transform into passive as the example above.
1. Did SBY defeat Kalla and mega?
were Kalla and mega defeated by SBY?
2. Do you also study analyzing the system?
is analyzing the system studied?
3. How long have you been solving the problem?
How long has the problem been being?
4. Does the electronic engineer maintain the machine?
Is the machine maintain?
5. Why didn’t you listen to their advice?
Why was their advice listen?
6. Can the programmer operate the machine?
Can the machine be operated?
7. Who teaches you accounting?
By whom is accounting thought?
8. When will you visit him?
When will is he visited?
9. Why didn’t you study the lesson?
Why wasn’t the lesson studied?
10. where can you get the capital?
where can the capital he got?
11. What will you do to overcome the problem?
What will he done?
12. Must I pay your account?
Must your account be payed?
13. Which employee will you promote?
Which emplyed will he promote?
14. Who must pay the victims of Lapindo?
by whom must the victim of Lapindo payed?
15. Do you understand the lesson?
is the lesson understood?
( to be + past participle )
Yes / No initialized with auxiliaries : do / does, did ; am, is, are, was, were ; have / has, can,could ; may, might, shall, should ; must, ought,,,to.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
*Can he operate the machine ? *Can the machine be operated (by him)?
*Are you writing the program ? *Is the program being written (by you)?
*Did he wait for me ? *Was I waited (by him)?
*May I borrow your car ? *May your car be borrowed (by me)?
*Must I listen to him ? *Must he be listened (by me)?
Informative initialized with question words : who, whom, whose, where, when, what, which, why, how .
ACTIVE PASSIVE
*Who writes the letter? *By whom is the letter witten?
*Whom are you waiting for? *Who is being waited for (by you)?
*whose sister writes it? *By whose sister it is written?
*Where did you see him? *Where was he seen (by you)?
*when will you buy a car? *When will a car be bougth (by you)?
Transform into passive as the example above.
1. Did SBY defeat Kalla and mega?
were Kalla and mega defeated by SBY?
2. Do you also study analyzing the system?
is analyzing the system studied?
3. How long have you been solving the problem?
How long has the problem been being?
4. Does the electronic engineer maintain the machine?
Is the machine maintain?
5. Why didn’t you listen to their advice?
Why was their advice listen?
6. Can the programmer operate the machine?
Can the machine be operated?
7. Who teaches you accounting?
By whom is accounting thought?
8. When will you visit him?
When will is he visited?
9. Why didn’t you study the lesson?
Why wasn’t the lesson studied?
10. where can you get the capital?
where can the capital he got?
11. What will you do to overcome the problem?
What will he done?
12. Must I pay your account?
Must your account be payed?
13. Which employee will you promote?
Which emplyed will he promote?
14. Who must pay the victims of Lapindo?
by whom must the victim of Lapindo payed?
15. Do you understand the lesson?
is the lesson understood?
SINGULAR – PLURAL
SINGULAR – PLURAL
Pronoun : i-we ; you-you ; he,she,it-they
Regular : book-books ; party-parties ; self-selves
Irregular : child- children ; mouse- mice
Uncountable : water-water ; news-news
Put the sentences into Plural
Example : a child is a boy or girl
Children are boys or girls
1 . A dog is an animal
2. A potato is vegetable
3. he is a student
4. I am doing my homework
5. he was studying when I came
6. she herself writes the letter
7. A business consist of an operation
8. she performs a service by answering a question
9. what is the difference between you & me ?
10. his friend is also my friend
11. the student has almost finished doing it
12. has she ever been studying abroad?
13. The earthquake cause a great disaster
14. does he understand the lesson ?
15. there is a boy & girl in the class.
Answer :
1. dogs are animal
2. potatoes are vegetables
3. we are students
4. we are doing our homework
5. they are studying
6. the them herself writer the letter
7. business consist of operation
8. they perform services by answering Question
9. what are difference between you & us ?
10. they friend a also our friend
11. the students have almost finished doing them
12. have they ever been studying abroad
13. the earthquake cause great disaster
14. do they understand the lesson?
15. they are boys & girls in the class.
Pronoun : i-we ; you-you ; he,she,it-they
Regular : book-books ; party-parties ; self-selves
Irregular : child- children ; mouse- mice
Uncountable : water-water ; news-news
Put the sentences into Plural
Example : a child is a boy or girl
Children are boys or girls
1 . A dog is an animal
2. A potato is vegetable
3. he is a student
4. I am doing my homework
5. he was studying when I came
6. she herself writes the letter
7. A business consist of an operation
8. she performs a service by answering a question
9. what is the difference between you & me ?
10. his friend is also my friend
11. the student has almost finished doing it
12. has she ever been studying abroad?
13. The earthquake cause a great disaster
14. does he understand the lesson ?
15. there is a boy & girl in the class.
Answer :
1. dogs are animal
2. potatoes are vegetables
3. we are students
4. we are doing our homework
5. they are studying
6. the them herself writer the letter
7. business consist of operation
8. they perform services by answering Question
9. what are difference between you & us ?
10. they friend a also our friend
11. the students have almost finished doing them
12. have they ever been studying abroad
13. the earthquake cause great disaster
14. do they understand the lesson?
15. they are boys & girls in the class.
What is the different between traditional business & modern business ?
What is the different between traditional business & modern business ?
1. What is the different between traditional business & modern business ?Traditional business was exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed.
Modern business is the the production, distribution, & sale of goods & services for a profit.
2. What is production ?
Production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. For example is the conversation of iron one into metal car parts.
3. What is distribution ?
Distribution is movement of products from the factory to the market place. For example a car is moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami .
4. What is sale ?
Sale is the exchange of a products or services for a money. For example a car is sold to someone in exchange for money .
5. What is goods?
Goods are products that ppoeple either need or want . For example car can be classifieds as goods.
6. What are services ?
Services are activities that a person or group perform for another person or organization ? For instance an auto mechanic performs a services when repairs a car . a doctor performs a services by taking care of people when they are sick.
7. What is profit ?
profit is economic surplus is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid.
8. What is the Major Goal of Doing a business ?
The Major goal of doing a business is creating an economic surplus or profit.
Distribution : Penyaluran Barang dari Pabrik ke Pasar
Distribution : Penyaluran Barang dari Pabrik ke Pasar
1. Distribution : Penyaluran Barang dari Pabrik ke PasarSale : Penjualan/ Pertukaran barang dan jasa dengan Uang
Production : Ciptaan dari jasa atau mengubah bahan menjadi barang
Goods : Barang yang dibutuhkan atau diinginkan oleh salah satu manusia
Modern Business :
Services : aktifitas orang untuk melakukan pelayanan terbaik
Traditional Businesss :
Profit : surplus ekonomi setelah mendapatkan uang bayaran
2. Accountant : akuntan, orang yang memulai, menjalankan perhitungan barang dan, mengembangkan perusahaan
Bookeeper : Orang yang melakukan pembukuan
Personal Manager : Manajer pribadi
General Manager : Manajer umum
System analyst : Analis Sistem
Computer Operator : Orang yang mengurus, mempergunakan computer untuk mengatur perusahaan
Computer programmer: Orang yang membuat program pada computer pada perusahaan
Stock braker : Saham perdagangan
3. Marketing : Pergerakan jasa dan barang dari pabrik kepada penjual
Product : Barang yang akan disediakan oleh perusahaan untuk dijual
Above the market : kenaikan pasar rata-rata
Placement : Keterlibatan barang jadi kepada penjual
Marketing mix : Gabungan dari faktor empat ini
The Four p’s : Barang, harga, Pembuat harga, promosi
Price : jumlah uang untuk membayar barang
Price leaders : Produsen yang menstabilkan harga rata-rata
Promotion : hubungan tentang barang yang diambil ditempatnya diantara pembeli dan penjual
Target market : Menentukan barang, harga, tempat, dan promosi.
